PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY
CONTENT
Ⅰ- Phonetics:

*Useful definitions

Ⅱ-Phonology:
-Pronunciation:

*Pronunciation of “s”
*Pronunciation of “ed”
-Silent letters
-Phonetic Symbols
-The Organs Of Speech

Ⅲ- A Series of exercises on:
*Pronunciation of “s”
*Pronunciation of “ed”
*Counting the number of syllables
*Classifying the stressed syllables
* Underlining /writing silent letters

-Keys to exercises.

- THIS PIECE OF WORK IS SUGGESTED BY :
MR. BENHADJ DJILALI NASR-EDDINE AND MR. DEHMAS DJAMEL
PHONETICS : NOTIONS

PART 1: DEFINITIONS
Ⅰ)PHONETICS:
Study and science of speech sounds , their production , and signs used to represent them. Experts in phonetics are called phoneticians.
Ⅱ)CONSONANTS:
Speech sounds produced by a complete or partial stoppage of the breath ;letters of the alphabet or symbol for such sounds ; b,c,d,f,…etc
Ⅲ)VOWELS:
Sustained vowel sounds made without audible stopping of the breath; or friction in its passage out through the mouth.
Vowel are : a , e , i , o , u.
The symbols are : /i:/ , /I/ , /a/, /ɒ/, /u/ , /u:/, /æ/ , /∂/ , /З/ , /ʌ/ , /ə/ , /ɔ/
Ⅳ)SEMI VOWELS
Letters representing sounds with a vowel quality but a consonant function such as: W in the Wet or i in Yet
Ⅴ)DIPHTONGS:
A diphthongs is a union of two vowel sounds or vowel letters such as :/aI / in Pipe ; /OU/ in doupt ; /eI/ in page ; /au/ in Home ; /aµ/ in
Ⅵ) TRIPHTHONGS :
A triphtong is a union of three vowel sounds pronounced in one syllable.



Examples of triphongs:
-/ aІə / in Fire and Liar.
-/ eІə / in Layer.
- / ɔІe / in Loyal
- / əuə / in Lower
- / auə / in Tower.

Ⅶ) SYLLABLES:
A- " A syllable is a unit of pronunciation forming a word or part of a word; and contaning one vowel sound and often consonant (s) preceding or following this" :(oxford dictionary)
B-" A syllable is minimum rhythmic unit of spoken language; consisting of a vowel or sustained consonant, often preceded of followed by unsustained consonant (s)" ( oxford dictionary)
Examples :
"LOOKED" is a word of one syllable /" ENJOY" is a word of two syllables.
"WONDERFUL" contains three syllables , and "Arithmetic "is composed of four syllables .
Ⅷ) HOW TO COUNT SYLLABLES :
We can count how many syllables there are in a given word or sentence. To do so, we just tap our fingers as we count which illustrates the importance of the syllable in the rhythm of speech.
Ⅸ)–THE STRESS:
A. To STRESS :(V) –"To pronounce strongly or with a stress" (oxford)
B. A STRESS : (N) –"Extra force used in speaking on a particular word or syllable" (oxford)
-"Loudness resulting from special effort or emphasis utterance" (oxford)
Examples: Returned , Evening, London.

C-Stressed syllables :
-The stressed syllable is pronounced longer and louder .
-When producing stressed syllables , the speaker uses more muscular energy than when he produces unstressed syllables .
-The stressed syllable is more prominent than the the unstressed syllable .

D-WHICH SYLLABLES TO STRESS:

*In English, some words are stressed at the end :Perhaps-Below - About

*Some words are stressed in the middle :Beginning-Conversation-

*Most words are stressed at the beginning :Camera –Family –Apple –Jacket-Woman-Pictures-Sandwich.

*A two syllable word is often stressed on the first syllable (if it is not a prefix)

Open-Monkey-Country-London

Exception: Enjoy –Forget-Occur-Event…
*A three syllable word is often stressed on the first syllable
Answered-Difficult-Exciting-Wonderful-Memory

Exeption :Together-Remember-Assistant-…

*Word ending in "ion" are stressed on the last syllable But one (the syllable before the last)
Examples :
Education-Evolution-Solution-Division-Tradition-Conception-Organisation….etc
PART. 2 PHONOLOGY PRONUNCIATION

THE "S" FORM :
1-PLURAL
2-GENITIV
3- 3RD PERSON SINGULAR PRESENT.
Note :The "S" form of the 3RD Person singular present in written is formed by adding "S" or "ES" to the base (stem form)
In spoking English the "S" is pronounced /IZ/ /Z/ /S/
EXAMPLES:
Press/pres/……………Presses/Presiz/
Play/Plei/……………….Plays/Pleiz/
Help/help/…………….Helps/helps
STEM FORM "S" FORM







The rules for pronouncing the ending are the same in all functions .
FUNCTION:
THE "S"FORM
1-PLURAL
2-GENITIV
3- 3RD PERSON SINGULAR PRESENT.

A) THE "S" IS PRONOUCED :
- /IZ/ After : sh ; S ; Z ; dg ; tch.
- /ʃ / , /S/ , /ʓ/ , // , /ʧ/
EXAMPLES: Axes – Bridges – Churches – Houses – Peacches – Rushes.

B) /Z/ After: R , N, Y , TH, M , V , L , G .
EXAMPLES: Bears- Bottles – Calls – Dogs- Eyes – John's - Betty's Lives – Trains – Wears.
C) /S/ After : P , K, F , T , TH .
EXAMPLES: Baths- Boots- Cats- Hits- Helps- Roofs - Thinks Woks.
THE " ed" FORM
The " ed" form of the simple past and past participle of regular verbs is pronounced as follows:
A) /t/ after voiceless consonants other than /t/ such as:
/p/ , /k/, /ƒ/, /ʃ/, /ʧ/ , /s/ , /θ/.
Examples: Baked – Cooked – Finished- Guessed – Helped – Kissed Laughed – Launehed – Liked – Promised – Touched – Watched Wrapped.

B) /d/ after vowels , semi vowels and voiced consonants other than /d / , such as:
/b/, /g/, /v/, / ʓ/ , // , /z/ , /m/, /n/, /w/ , /L/, /r/, /y/, /ʝ/ ,/ð/
Examples:
Achieved – Bathed – Begged – Blamed – Borrowed – Cared – Destroyed- Disturbed – Employed – Happened – Ordered – Played –Rained – Refused – Underlined – Waved – Wondered.

C) /id/ after verbs ending in /t/ or /d/ .
Examples:
Adapted – Added – Awarded – Created – Ended – Guided Granted – Greeted- Needed – Offended – Patted – Persuaded United – Wanted .

SILENT LETTERS
EXAMPLES:
SILENT /d/ : Climb – Comb – Lamb – Plumb – (Final /d/ )
SILENT /h/ : Honour- Heir – Honest – Hour – (Final /h/)
SILENT /n/ : Column – Autumn – (Final /n/ )
SILENT /L/ : Walk – Talk – Chalk – Half – Calf- Could – Would – Should ( /L/ before K, F , D )
SILENT /W/ : Write – Wrong .
OTHER: Listen – Sign .



PART. 3 PRACTICE

CONTENTS:
A SERIES OF ACTIVITIES DEALING WITH :

1) THE PRONUNCIATION OF FINAL"S" 5 EXERCISES+KEYS
2) THE PRONUNCIATION OF FINAL " ed" 5 EXERCISES+KEYS
3) COUNTING THE NUMBER OF SYLLABLES. 5 EXERCISES+KEYS
4) CLASSIFYING STRESSED SYLLABLES. 5 EXERCISES+KEYS
5) WRITING/ UNDERLINING SILENT LETTER. 1 EXERCISE(31WORD) +KEY











PRONUNCIATION OF FINAL"S"
EXERCISEⅠ:
ACCIDENTS SUSTAINS REVISES WRITES SEEMS REGARDS
CELLS AXES LINKS BALLS FLAMES CAGES
SOAKS NOISES AFFAIRS BENDS PROPOSES FIXES
Classify these words according to the pronunciation of their final"S"
EXERCISEⅡ:
Classify these words according to the pronunciation of their final"S"
TAXES RAYS SPENDS RESUMES WATCHES
BLENDS VACCINATES ACCOMPLISHES WATERS ACCOUNTS
TRACTISES STEALS BAYS ASKS TEASES
EXERCISE Ⅲ :
Classify these words according to the pronunciation of their final"S"
QUOTES REMAINS REACHES TANKS QUESTIONS BOXES
WAISTS SUPPOSES CANS TEENS TRANSLATES REFERS
WINDS SEES VANISHES SELECTS MIXES VILLAGES
EXERCISE Ⅳ :
Classify these words according to the pronunciation of their final"S"
STARTS SMOKES MANAGES WARNS RESTRICS
USHERS DRINKS EXCUSES VOWELS REVENGES
REPEATS AVANCES FORMS ARTISTS DRESSES
EXERCISE Ⅴ :
Classify these words according to the pronunciation of their final"S"
ORIGINS PROFESSES EVOKES PASSAGES SKIMS BOOKS STAGES
TRANSPOSES VIBRATES VISIONS POLISHES SPORTS WHISPERS TASTES
SKIES RUNS PAGES BACKS BEACHES PUMPS TURNS

THE PRONUNCIATION OF FINAL " ed"
GAINED KISSED WISHED ACCEPTED PHONED
BENEFITED FAILED STOPPED GRANTED FINISHED
POUSHED ADDED EMPLOYED UNITED WAVED
EXERCISEⅠ: Classify these words according to the pronunciation of their final" ed"

EXERCISEⅡ:
Classify these words according to the pronunciation of their final" ed"
SERVED BRAKED CARED SELECTED PASSES RAINED
WORKED BOASTED CONNECTED MENTIONNED CREATED WRAPPED
BLAMED WASHED VISITED ENDED LIKED BEGGED



SUCCEEDED RUBBED DROPPED JOINED
EDITED INVOKED OPENED INSPECTED
WEAKENED RELEASED SAVED HELPED
EXERCISE Ⅲ : Classify these words according to the pronunciation of their final " ed"

EXERCISE Ⅳ : Classify these words according to the pronunciation of their final" ed"
HIRED NOTICED TASTED KNITTED FOLLOWED
FITTED DEMOLISHED ORDRED HOPED NEEDED
BAKED POURED LIFTED PLEASED PUNISHED
KILLED FLOODED DIFINED EQUIPPED REGRETED

EXERCISE Ⅴ : Classify these words according to the pronunciation of their" ed"
LAUNCHED KICKED ADROPED JOKED TRAVELLED ADAPTED GAINED
SCORED CONTACTED GUIDED GLANCED PERSUADED INGORED VANISHED
CRASHED DEVOTED LOOTED PLAYED SUGGESTED TOUCHED WEIGHED



NUMBER OF SYLLABLES
INCIDENT VACUUM CONTINUOUS CASE THEORY
CARRY TODAY INQUIRE QUIKEN IMITATION
MISREAD BELIEVE ONLY BEHAVIOUR LEGAL
EXERCISEⅠ:
Classify these words according to the number of their syllable

EXERCISEⅡ:
Classify these words according to the number of their syllable

IMPATIENT QUARTER YOUTH MINOR OCCASION NARRATE
LIMIT MECHANICS PROFIT WONDERFUL PAPER PANIC
CIRCULER AWFUL NORWEGIAN LINK PRECED MOVE

EXERCISEⅢ:
Classify these words according to the number of their syllable
VERSE TUTOR MINORITY VANISH OCEAN VACATION
VOLUME OBJECTION PAIR FANTASTIC WEDDING RACE
DEEP ILLUSTRATE HOMEWORK PASSENGER WATCH PEOPLE





EXERCISE Ⅳ:
Classify these words according to the number of their syllable
CASUAL PLAY UNCOMMON MOVMENT MEDICINAL TIDY
MEASURE PAVEMENT WATER HABITUAL HANDSOME ABDICATE
ORDINARY UNDO LEADING MISMANAGE QUEEN PROJECT



EXERCISEⅤ:
Classify these words according to the number of their syllable
PURE CARASTROPHE QUOTE CENTURY THEOLOGY BRITISH
ANYONE MARGIN INTONATION WADE JUSTICE BELOVED
BELITTLE COUNTRY WASHED LONGEVITY PROBATION







STRESSED SYLLABLES
CALCULATE VITAL PRODUCTION UNCOMMON SECRETE CONFECTION TEMPLE
LIVING QUOTATION COMMONPLACE AMBIGIOUS BIOGRAPHY ENGAGEMENT IDIOM
MISREAD CONTINUOUS IMPLEMENT APPLE JUBILEE PERSEVERE PASSION
EXERCISEⅠ: Classify these words according to wich syllable is stressed

TERRITORIAL ADVENTURE PRIMARY SALUTE TEMPORIZE
RABBIT MATURE JUNEVILE VIBRATE OCCUPY
TYPICAL RECOUNT SUBSCRIBE JUNCTION UNCONCERNED
EXERCISEⅡ: Classify these words according to wich syllable is stressed
MISPRONPUNCE DEGREE IMITATION NEITHER LOCAL
OVERLOOK HOMEWORK DEOMPRESS PRODUCTION INTERNAL
MEETING HOTEL PACKAGE PERSIST HUNGER
EXERCISE Ⅲ: Classify these words according to wich syllable is stressed

EXERCISE Ⅳ: Classify these words according to wich syllable is stressed
ORIGIN OVERDRAW LANDING PROFOUND TELEPHONE
MISINFORM QUESTION OXFORD DECOMPOSE MYSELF
PHONETICS LUXURY NAVIGATION SANDWICH POTENTIAL
EXERCISE Ⅴ: Classify these words according to wich syllable is stressed
LIVELY YELLOW RECONSTRUCT COMPROMISE CHRONOMETRE
RECORDING PROBATION REGISTER LITTERATURE MONOSYLLABIC
MONOTONOUS ALPHABET ENJOYMENT MAJORITY GENERATE

SILENT LETTERS
EXERCISE:
Underline , Circule or Write the silent letters in the following words
Climb – Autumn – Psalm - Subtle – Should – Psychology – Half Lamb – Walk – Write – Thumb – Chalk – Solemn - Honest - Pseudo Wrong – Often – Heir –Tomb – Calf – Honour – Column - Would Sign – Pseudonym – Listen – Comb – Hour – Talk – Could .






PART. 4 KEYS
PRONUNCIATION OF FINAL"S"
KEYS:
/S/ ACCIDENTS LINKS SOAKS BENDS REGARDS WRITES
/Z/ AFFAIRS BALLS CELLS FLAMES SEEMS SUSTAINS
/IZ/ SUPOSES NOISES REVISES CAGES PROPOSES FIXES
EXERCISEⅠ:

EXERCISEⅡ
/S/ ACCOUNTS BLENDS ASKS SPENDS VACCINATES
/Z/ RAYS BAYS RESUMES STEALS WATERS
/IZ/ ACCOMPLISHES PRACTISES WATCHES TAXES TEASES

/S/ QUOTES SELECTS TRANSLATES TANKS WINDS WAISTS
/Z/ CANS RAMAINS TEENS QUESTIONS SEES REFERS
/IZ/ BOXES REACHES SUPOSES VANISHES MIXES VILLAGES
EXERCISE Ⅲ


EXERCISE Ⅳ
/S/ SMOKES DRINKS ARTISTS RESTRICS REPEATS
/Z/ STARS USHERS VOWELS FORMS WARNS
/IZ/ MANAGES ADVANCES DRESSES EXCUSES REVANGES

/S/ PUMPS VIBRATES BOOKS BACKS EVOKS SPORTS
/Z/ SKIMS ORIGINS RUNS VISIONS WHISPERS SKIES
/IZ/ PAGES PROFESSES PASSAGES TRANSPOSES BEACHES POLISHES
EXERCISE Ⅴ:

THE PRONUNCIATION OF FINAL " ed"
/d/ FAILED PHONED WAVED GRAINED EMPLOYED
/t/ BRUSHED WISHED KISSED FINISHED STOPPED
/id/ ACCEPTED BENEFITED GRANTED ADDED UNITED
EXERCISEⅠ:
/d/ MENTIONNED BLAMED RAINED SERVED BEGGED CARED
/t/ WORKED PASSED WARPPED BARKED LIKED WASHED
/id/ BOASTED CONNECTED SELECTED VISITED CREATED ENDED
EXERCISEⅡ:
EXERCISE Ⅲ:
/d/ WEAKNED RUNNED JOINED SAVED
/t/ INVOKED RELEASED HELPED DROPPED
/id/ OFFENDED INSPECTED SUCCEEDED EDITED

/d/ DEFINED ORDRED FOLLOWED PLEASED POURED HIRED KILLED
/t/ DEMOLISHED PUNISHED HOPED BAKED NOTICED EQUIPPED
/id/ FITTED KNITTED FLOODED REGRETTED LIFTED TASTED NEEDE
EXERCISE Ⅳ:

EXERCISE Ⅴ:
/d/ PLAYED IGNORED SCORED WEIGHTED GAINED ADORED TRAVELLED
/t/ CRASHED VANISHED LAUNCHED TOUCHED GLANCED JOKED KICKED
/id/ CONTACTED SUGGESTED GUIDED PERSUADED DEVOTED ADAPTED LOOTED




NUMBER OF SYLLABLES
ONE SYLLABLE CARRY CASE QUIKEN LECAL ONLY
TWO SYLLABLES VAUUM THEORY TODAY BELIEVE INQUIRE
THREE SYLLABLES CONTINUOUS INCIDENT BEHAVIOUR IMITATION ORDERLY
EXERCISEⅠ:

ONE SYLLABLE LIMIT MOVE PANIC LINK PROFIT YOUTH
TWO SYLLABLES AWFUL MINOR PAPER QUARTER NARRATE PRECEDE
THREE SYLLABLES IMPATIENT WONDERFUL MECHANICS CIRCULER OCCASION NORWEGIAN
EXERCISEⅡ:

EXERCISE Ⅲ:
ONE SYLLABLE DEEP PAIR OCEAN RACE VERSE WATCH
TWO SYLLABLES VOLUME VANISH WEDDING TUTOR HOMEWORK PEOPLE
THREE SYLLABLES VACATION OBJECTION ILLUSTRATE FANTASTIC MINORITY PASSENGER




EXERCISE Ⅳ:
ONE SYLLABLE WATER PLAY MEASURE QUEEN TIDY UNDO
TWO SYLLABLES CASUAL PAVEMENT LEADING MOVMENT PROTECT HANDSOME
THREE SYLLABLES ABDICATE HABITUAL MEDICINAL MISMANAGE UNCOMMON ORDINARY

EXERCISE Ⅴ:
ONE SYLLABLE PURE MARGIN WASHED QUOTE WADE
TWO SYLLABLES ANYONE COUNTRY CENTURY BELOVED BRITHISH JUSTICE
THREE SYLLABLES BELITTLE CATASTROPHE INTONATION LONGEVITY THEOLOGY PROBATION










STRESSED SYLLABLES
1st SYLLABLE COMMONPLACE IMPLEMENT CALCULTE JUBILEE VITAL
IDIOM TEMPLE APPLE LIVING PASSION
2nd SYLLABLE AMBIGIOUS CONTUOUS CONFECTION ENGAGEMENT PRODUCTION
QUOTQTION UNCOMMON BIOGRAPHY MISREAD SECRETE
3rd SYLLABLE PERSEVERE
EXERCISEⅠ:
1st HOMEWORK HUNGER MEETING LOCAL NEITHER PACKAGE LOCAL
2nd DEGREE HOTEl OVERLOOK PERSIST IMITATION PRODUCTION INTENAL
3rd DECOMPRESS MISPRONOUNCE
EXERCISEⅡ:
1st RABBIT OCCUPY JUVENILLE TOMPORIZE TYPICAL JUNCTION PRIMARY
2nd MATURE ADVENTURE VIBRATE SUBSRIBE ALUTE RECOUNT
3rd TERRITORIAL UNCONCERNED

EXERCISE Ⅲ:


EXERCISE Ⅳ:

EXERCISE Ⅴ:


1st OXFORD LUXURY ORIGIN TELEPHONE SANDWICH QUESTION LANDING
2nd PROFOUND OVERDRAW MYSELF NAVIGATION POTENTIAL PHONETICS
3rd DECOMPOSE MINISFORM


1st LIVELY REGISTER LITERATURE COMPROMIS ALPHABET GENERATE YELLAW
2nd
PROBATION
MAJORITY
RECORDING
MONOTONOUS ENJOYMENT
CHRONOMETRE


3rd RECONSTRUST MONOSYLLABIC



SILENT LETTERS
KEY:
- Climb – Comb – Lamb – Plumber – Thumb –Subtle –Tomb .
- Honour – Heir – Honest – Hour .
- Column – Autumn – Solemn.
- Walk – Talk – Chalk –Half – Calf – Could – Would – Should.
- Write – Wrong .
- Often – Listen .
- Psychology – Pseudonym – Pseudo .
- Sign .
- Psalm / sa:m /

I inderstand a little , soeur Oum Hani
مشكورة على الموضوع رغم عدم استيعابي له، وقد حاولتُ الغوص فيه لكن دون جدوى , فقد أنسيت هذه اللغة التي صارت غريبة عني، و لستُ أعي منها إلا القليل

السلام عليكم تسلمي إن شاء الله شوي شوي بتذكري